Natural Chlorophylls Spectra Database

NCHL238. ProtoChl a, Et2O (Houssier, 1969) (Boardman, 1966)

PhotochemCAD ID	NCHL238
Name	ProtoChl a, Et2O (Houssier, 1969) (Boardman, 1966)

Absorption Spectrum

Solvent	Et2O
Reference	Houssier, 1969
Date	1969
By	Houssier
Spectrum Data	Download File

Taniguchi, M.; Lindsey, J. S. “Absorption and Fluorescence Spectral Database of Chlorophylls and Analogues,” Photochem. Photobiol. 2021, 97, 136–165.

(Al-Omari, 2009)	Al-Omari, S. and A. Ali (2009) Photodynamic activity of pyropheophorbide methyl ester and pyropheophorbide a in dimethylformamide solution. Gen. Physiol. Biophys. 28, 70-77.
(Álvarez, 2012)	Álvarez, S., M. Zapata, J. L. Garrido and B. Vaz (2012) Characterization of [8-ethyl]-chlorophyll c3 from Emiliania huxleyi. Chem. Commun. 48, 5500-5502.
(Álvarez, 2013)	Álvarez, S., F. Rodríguez, P. Riobó, J. L. Garrido and B. Vaz (2013) Chlorophyll cCS-170 isolated from Ostreococcus sp. Is [7-methoxycarbonyl-8-vinyl]protochlorophyllide a. Org. Lett. 15, 4430-4433.
(Andersson, 1989)	Andersson, L. A., T. M. Loehr, T. M. Cotton, D. J. Simpson and K. M. Smith (1989) Spectroscopic analysis of chlorophyll model complexes: methyl ester ClFe(III)pheophorbides. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 974, 163-179.
(Boardman, 1966)	Boardman, N. K. (1966) Protochlorophyll. In The Chlorophylls (Edited by L. P. Vernon and G. R. Seely) pp. 437-479. Academic Press, New York.
(Brandis, 2005)	Brandis, A., O. Mazor, E. Neumark, V. Rosenbach-Belkin, Y. Salomon and A. Scherz (2005) Novel water-soluble bacteriochlorophyll derivatives for vascular-targeted photodynamic therapy: synthesis, solubility, phototoxicity and the effect of serum proteins. Photochem. Photobiol. 81, 983-993.
(Büchel, 2020)	Büchel, C. (2020) Light harvesting complexes in chlorophyll c-containing algae. Biochim. Biophys. Acta-Bioenergetics 1861, 148027.
(Chew, 2007)	Chew, A. G. M. and D. A. Bryant (2007) Characterization of a plant-like protochlorophyllide a divinyl reductase in green sulfur bacteria. J. Biol. Chem. 282, 2967-2975.
(Clementson, 2019)	Clementson, L. A. and B. Wojtasiewicz (2019) Dataset on the absorption characteristics of extracted phytoplankton pigments. Data in Brief 24, 103875.
(Connolly, 1982)	Connolly, J. S., E. B. Samuel and A. F. Janzen (1982) Effects of solvent on the fluorescence properties of bacteriochlorophyll α. Photochem. Photobiol. 36, 565-574.
(Davis, 1979)	Davis, M. S., A. Forman, L. K. Hanson, J. P. Thornber and J. Fajer (1979) Anion and cation radicals of bacteriochlorophyll and bacteriopheophytin b. Their role in the primary charge separation of Rhodopseudomonas viridis. J. Phys. Chem. 83, 3325-3332.
(Dietzek, 2006)	Dietzek, B., W. Kiefer, G. Hermann, J. Popp and M. Schmitt (2006) Solvent effects on the excited-state processes of protochlorophyllide: a femtosecond time-resolved absorption study. J. Phys. Chem. B 110, 4399-4406.
(Dixon, 2005)	Dixon, J. M., M. Taniguchi and J. S. Lindsey (2005) PhotochemCAD 2: a refined program with accompanying spectral database for photochemical calculations. Photochem. Photobiol. 81, 212-213.
(Dörnemann, 1981)	Dörnemann, D. and H. Senger (1981) Isolation and partial characterization of a new chlorophyll associated with the reaction centre of photosystem I of Scenedesmus. FEBS Lett. 126, 323-327.
(Drzewiecka-Matuszek, 2005)	Drzewiecka-Matuszek, A., A. Skalna, A. Karocki, G. Stochel and L. Fiedor (2005) Effects of heavy central metal on the ground and excited states of chlorophyll. J. Biol. Inorg. Chem. 10, 453-462.
(Du, 1998)	Du, H., R.-C. A. Fuh, J. Li, L. A. Corkan and J. S. Lindsey (1998) PhotochemCAD: a computer-aided design and research tool in photochemistry. Photochem. Photobiol. 68, 141-142.
(Eichwurzel, 2000)	Eichwurzel, I., H. Stiel and B. Röder (2000) Photophysical studies of the pheophorbide a dimer. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B: Biol. 54, 194-200.
(Falk, 1975)	Falk, H., G. Hoornaert, H.-P. Isenring and A. Eschenmoser (1975) Über Enolderivate der Chlorophyllreihe. Darstellung von 132,173-Cyclophäophorbid-enolen. Helv. Chim. Acta 58, 2347-2357.
(Fawley, 1989)	Fawley, M. W. (1989) A new form of chlorophyll c involved in light-harvesting. Plant Physiol. 91, 727-732.
(French, 1956)	French, C. S., J. H. C. Smith, H. I. Virgin and R. L. Airth (1956) Fluorescence-spectrum curves of chlorophylls, pheophytins, phycoerythrins, phycocyanins and hypericin. Plant Physiol. 31, 369-374.
(Frigaard, 1996)	Frigaard, N.-U., K. L. Larsen and R. P. Cox (1996) Spectrochromatography of photosynthetic pigments as a fingerprinting technique for microbial phototrophs. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 20, 69-77.
(Gandul-Rojas, 2013)	Gandul-Rojas, B., L. Gallardo-Guerrero, M. Roca and R. Aparicio-Ruiz (2013) Chromatographic methodologies: compounds for olive oil color issues. In Handbook of Olive Oil, Analysis and Properties, second edition (Edited by R. Aparicio and J. Harwood) pp. 219-259. Springer Science+Business Media, New York.
(Gloe, 1975)	Gloe, A., N. Pfennig, H. Brockmann Jr. and W. Trowitzsch (1975) A new bacteriochlorophyll from brown-colored Chlorobiaceae. Arch. Microbiol. 102, 103-109.
(Goedheer, 1966)	Goedheer, J. C. (1966) Visible absorption and fluorescence of chlorophyll and its aggregates in solution. In The Chlorophylls (Edited by L. P. Vernon and G. R. Seely) pp. 147-184. Academic Press, New York.
(Harradine, 1998)	Harradine, P. J. and J. R. Maxwell (1998) Pyrophaeoporphyrins c1 and c2: grazing products of chlorophyll c in aquatic environments. Org. Geochem. 28, 111-117.
(Hartwich, 1998)	Hartwich, G., L. Fiedor, I. Simonin, E. Cmiel, W. Schäfer, D. Noy, A. Scherz and H. Scheer (1998) Metal-substituted bacteriochlorophylls. 1. Preparation and influence of metal and coordination on spectra. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 120, 3675-3683.
(Hildebrandt, 1988)	Hildebrandt, P. and T. G. Spiro (1988) Surface-enhanced resonance Raman spectroscopy of copper chlorophyllin on silver and gold colloids. J. Phys. Chem. 92, 3355-3360.
(Hindman, 1977)	Hindman, J. C., R. Kugel, A. Svirmickas and J. J. Katz (1977) Chlorophyll lasers: Stimulated light emission by chlorophylls and Mg-free chlorophyll derivatives. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74, 5-9.
(Holt, 1954a)	Holt, A. S. and E. E. Jacobs (1954) Spectroscopy of plant pigments I. Ethyl chlorophyllides a and b and their pheophorbides. Am. J. Bot. 41, 710-717.
(Holt, 1954b)	Holt, A. S. and E. E. Jacobs (1954) Spectroscopy of plant pigments II. Methyl bacteriochlorophyllide and bacteriochlorophyll. Am. J. Bot. 41, 718-722.
(Holt, 1958)	Holt, A. S. (1958) The phase test intermediate and the allomerization of chlorophyll a. Can. J. Biochem. Physiol. 36, 439-456.
(Holt, 1959)	Holt, A. S. (1959) Reduction of chlorophyllides, chlorophylls and chlorophyll derivatives by sodium borohydride. Plant Physiol. 34, 310-314.
(Hoober, 1988)	Hoober, J. K., T. W. Sery and N. Yamamoto (1988) Photodynamic sensitizers from chlorophyll: purpurin-18 and chlorin p6. Photochem. Photobiol. 48, 579-582.
(Houssier, 1969)	Houssier, C. and K. Sauer (1969) Optical properties of the protochlorophyll pigments II. Electronic absorption, fluorescence, and circular dichroism spectra. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 172, 492-502.
(Inoue, 1994)	Inoue, H., H., Yamashita, K. Furuya, Y. Nonomura, N. Yoshioka and S. Li (1994) Determination of copper(II) chlorophyllin by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A, 679, 99-104.
(Isenring, 1975)	Isenring, H.-P., E. Zass, K. Smith, H. Falk, J.-L. Luisier and A. Eschenmoser (1975) Über enolisierte Derivate der Chlorophyllreihe. 132-Desmethoxycarbonyl-173-desoxy-132,173-cyclochlorophyllid a-enol und eine Methode zur Einführung von Magnesium in porphinoide Ligandsysteme unter milden Bedingungen. Helv. Chim. Acta 58, 2357-2367.
(Ito, 1996)	Ito, H., T. Ohtsuka and A. Tanaka (1996) Conversion of chlorophyll b to chlorophyll a via 7-hydroxymethyl chlorophyll. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 1475-1479.
(Jeffrey, 1963)	Jeffrey, S. W. (1963) Purification and properties of chlorophyll c from Sargassum flavicans. Biochem. J. 86, 313-318.
(Jeffrey, 1969)	Jeffrey, S. W. (1969) Properties of two spectrally different components in chlorophyll c preparations. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 177, 456-467.
(Jeffrey, 1972)	Jeffrey, S. W. (1972) Preparation and some properties of crystalline chlorophyll c1 and c2 from marine algae. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 279, 15-33.
(Jeffrey, 1975)	Jeffrey, S. W. and G. F. Humphrey (1975) New spectrophotometric equations for determining chlorophylls a, b, c1 and c2 in higher plants, algae and natural phytoplankton. Biochem. Physiol. Pflanzen. 167, 191-194.
(Jeffrey, 1987)	Jeffrey, S. W. and S. W. Wright (1987) A new spectrally distinct component in preparations of chlorophyll c from the micro-alga Emiliania huxleyi (Prymnesiophyceae). Biochim. Biophys. Acta 894, 180-188.
(Jeffrey, 1997)	Jeffrey, S. W., R. F. C. Mantoura and T. Bjørnland (1997) Data for the identification of 47 key phytoplankton pigments. In Phytoplankton Pigments in Oceanography: Guidelines to Modern Methods. (Edited by S. W. Jeffrey, R. F. C. Mantoura and S. W. Wright), pp. 449-559, UNESCO Publishing, Paris.
(Jones, 1968)	Jones, I. D., R. C. White, E. Gibbs and C. D. Denard (1968) Absorption spectra of copper and zinc complexes of pheophytins and pheophorbides. J. Agric. Food Chem. 16, 80-83.
(Karcz, 2014)	Karcz, D., B. Boroń, A. Matwijczuk, J. Furso, J. Staroń, A. Ratuszna and L. Fiedor (2014) Lessons from chlorophylls: modifications of porphyrinoids towards optimized solar energy conversion. Molecules 19, 15938-15954.
(Kim, 1967)	Kim, W. S. (1967) Copper replacement of magnesium in the chlorophylls and bacteriochlorophyll. Z. Naturforschg. 22b, 1054-1061.
(Kinoshita, 2019)	Kinoshita, Y., J. Harada, T. Mizoguchi and H. Tamiaki (2019) Isolation and optical properties of epimerically pure bacteriochlorophyll-f homologs. Dyes Pigm. 164, 267-271.
(Kobayashi, 1998)	Kobayashi, M., M. Akiyama, M. Yamamura, H. Kise, S. Takaichi, T. Watanabe, K. Shimada, M. Iwaki, S. Itoh, N. Ishida, M. Koizumi, H. Kano, N. Wakao and A. Hiraishi (1998) Structural determination of the novel Zn-containing bacteriochlorophyll in Acidiphilium rubrum. Photomed. Photobiol. 20, 75-80.
(Kobayashi, 2006)	Kobayashi, M., M. Akiyama, H. Kano and H. Kise (2006) Spectroscopy and structure determination. In Chlorophylls and bacteriochlorophylls (Edited by B. Grimm, R. J. Porra, W. Rüdiger and H. Scheer), pp. 79-94. Springer, The Netherlands.
(Kobayashi, 2013)	Kobayashi, M., S. Akutsu, D. Fujinuma, H. Furukawa, H. Komatsu, Y. Hotota, Y. Kato, Y. Kuroiwa, T. Watanabe, M. Ohnishi-Kameyama, H. Ono, S. Ohkubo and H. Miyashita (2013) Physicochemical properties of chlorophylls in oxygenic photosynthesis - succession of co-factors from anoxygenic to oxygenic photosynthesis. In Photosynthesis (Edited by Z. Dubinsky), pp. 47-90. IntechOpen, UK.
(Kobayashi, 2016)	Kobayashi, M., Y. Sorimachi, D. Fukayama, H. Komatsu, T. Kanjoh, K. Wada, M. Kawachi, H. Miyashita, M. Ohnishi-Kameyama and H. Ono (2016) Physicochemical properties of chlorophylls and bacteriochlorophylls. In Handbook of Photosynthesis (Edited by M. Pessarakli), pp. 95-147. CRC Press, Florida.
(Komatsu, 2014)	Komatsu, H., D. Fujinuma, S. Akutsu, D. Fukayama, Y. Sorimachi, Y. Kato, Y. Kuroiwa, T. Watanabe, H. Miyashita, K. Iwamoto, Y. Shiraiwa, M. Ohnishi-Kameyama, H. Ono, H. Koike, M. Sato, M. Kawachi and M. Kobayashi (2014) Physicochemical properties of divinyl chlorophylls a, a’ and divinyl pheophytin a compared with those of monovinyl derivatives. Photomed. Photobiol. 36, 59-69.
(Kozyrev, 1998)	Kozyrev, A. N., T. J. Dougherty and P. K. Pandey (1998) LiOH promoted allomerization of pyropheophorbide a. A convenient synthesis of 132-oxopyropheophorbide a and its unusual enolization. Chem. Commun. 481-482.
(Kunieda, 2004)	Kunieda, M., T. Mizoguchi and H. Tamiaki (2004) Syntheses and optical properties of stable 8-alkylidene-bacteriochlorins mimicking the molecular structures of natural bacteriochlorophylls-b and g. Tetrahedron 60, 11349-11357.
(Leupold, 1990)	Leupold, D., A. Struck, H. Stiel, K. Teuchner, S. Oberländer and H. Scheer (1990) Excited-state properties of 20-chloro-chlorophyll a. Chem. Phys. Lett. 170, 478-484.
(Li, 2012)	Li, Y., N. Scales, R. E. Blankenship, R. D. Willows and M. Chen (2012) Extinction coefficient for red-shifted chlorophylls: chlorophyll d and chlorophyll f. Biochim. Biophys. Acta - Bioenergetics 1817, 1292-1298.
(Loughlin, 2014)	Loughlin, P. C., R. D. Willows and M. Chen (2014) In vitro conversion of vinyl to formyl groups in naturally occurring chlorophylls. Sci. Rep. 4, 6069.
(Ma, 1996)	Ma, L. and D. Dolphin (1996) Stereoselective synthesis of new chlorophyll a related antioxidants isolated from marine organisms. J. Org. Chem. 61, 2501-2510.
(Meyer, 1996)	Meyer, M., H. Scheer and J. Breton (1996) Probing native-like orientation of pigments in modified reaction centers from Rhodobacter sphaeroides R26 by linear dichroism. FEBS Lett. 393, 131-134.
(Michalski, 1987)	Michalski, T. J., J. E. Hunt, M. K. Bowman, U. Smith, K. Bardeen, H. Gest, J. R. Norris and J. J. Katz (1987) Bacteriopheophytin g: properties and some speculations on a possible primary role for bacteriochlorophylls b and g in the biosynthesis of chlorophylls. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84, 2570-2574.
(Mizoguchi, 2009)	Mizoguchi, T., C. Nagai, M. Kunieda, Y. Kimura, A. Okamura and H. Tamiaki (2009) Stereochemical determination of the unique acrylate moiety at the 17-position in chlorophylls-c from a diatom Chaetoseros calcitrans and its effect upon electronic absorption properties. Org. Biomol. Chem. 7, 2120-2126.
(Mizoguchi, 2015)	Mizoguchi, T., M. Isaji, J. Harada, Y. Tsukatani and H. Tamiaki (2015) The 17-propionate esterifying variants of bacteriochlorophyll-a and bacteriopheophytin-a in purple photosynthetic bacteria. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B: Biol. 142, 244-249.
(Musewald, 1998)	Musewald, C., G. Hartwich, F. Pöllinger-Dammer, H. Lossau, H. Scheer and M. E. Michel-Beyerle (1998) Time-resolved spectral investigation of bacteriochlorophyll a and its transmetalated derivatives [Zn]-bacteriochlorophyll a and [Pd]-bacteriochlorophyll a. J. Phys. Chem. B 102, 8336-8342.
(Musewald, 1999)	Musewald, C., G. Hartwich, H. Lossau, P. Gilch, F. Pöllinger-Dammer, H. Scheer and M. E. Michel-Beyerle (1999) Ultrafast photophysics and photochemistry of [Ni]-bacteriochlorophyll a. J. Phys. Chem. B 103, 7055-7060.
(Nichiporovich, 2006)	Nichiporovich, I. N., T. N. Vadetskaya, A. V. Vorobei, N. D. Kochubeeva and V. A. Kuz’mitskii (2006) Spectral and photosensitizing properties of bacteriochlorin a and its monomethyl and dimethyl esters. J. Appl. Spectrosc. 73, 107-114.
(Niedzwiedzki, 2010)	Niedzwiedzki, D. M. and R. E. Blankenship (2010) Singlet and triplet excited state properties of natural chlorophylls and bacteriochlorophylls. Photosynth. Res. 106, 227-238.
(Niedzwiedzki, 2014)	Niedzwiedzki, D. M., H. Liu, M. Chen and R. E. Blankenship (2014) Excited state properties of chlorophyll f in organic solvents at ambient and cryogenic temperatures. Photosynth. Res. 121, 25-34.
(Nyman, 2004)	Nyman, E. S. and P. H. Hynninen (2004) Research advances in the use of tetrapyrrolic photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B: Biol. 73, 1-28.
(Oelze, 1970)	Oelze, J. and G. Drews (1970) Die Ausscheidung yon partikelgebundenen Bacteriochlorophyllvorstufen durch die Mutante F9 von Rhodospirillum rubrum. Arch. Mikrobiol. 73, 19-33.
(Oelze, 1985)	Oelze, J. (1985) Analysis of bacteriochlorophylls. Methods Microbiol. 18, 257-284.
(Orf, 2013)	Orf, G. S., M. Tank, K. Vogl, D. M. Niedzwiedzki, D. A. Bryant and R. E. Blankenship (2013) Spectroscopic insights into the decreased efficiency of chlorosomes containing bacteriochlorophyll f. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1827, 493-501.
(Pennington, 1964)	Pennington, F. C., H. H. Strain, W. A. Svec and J. J. Katz (1964) Preparation and properties of pyrochlorophyll a, methyl pyrochlorophyllide a, pyropheophytin a, and methyl pyropheophorbide a derived from chlorophyll by decarbomethoxylation. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 86, 1418-1426.
(Permentier, 2000)	Permentier, H. P., K. A. Schmidt, M. Kobayashi, M. Akiyama, C. Hager-Braun, S. Neerken, M. Miller and J. Amesz (2000) Composition and optical properties of reaction centre core complexes from the green sulfur bacteria Prosthecochloris aestuarii and Chlorobium tepidum. Photosynth. Res. 64, 27-39.
(Pierson, 1974)	Pierson, B. K. and R. W. Castenholz (1974) Studies of pigments and growth in Chloroflexus aurantiacus, a phototrophic filamentous bacterium. Arch. Microbiol. 100, 283-305.
(Porra, 1990)	Porra, R. J. (1990) The assay of chlorophylls a and b converted to their respective magnesium-rhodochlorin derivatives by extraction from recalcitrant algal cells with aqueous alkaline methanol: prevention of allomerization with reductants. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1015, 493-502.
(Porra, 1993)	Porra, R. J., W. Schäfer, E. Cmiel, I. Katheder and H. Scheer (1993) The unexpected reduction of the vinyl group of chlorophyll b by sodium borohydride in methanolic extracts of maize leaves and its inhibition by 8-hydroxyquinoline. Z. Naturforsch. C 48c, 745-748.
(Prowse, 1990)	Prowse, W. G., B. J. Kelly and J. R. Maxwell (1990) A novel sedimentary metallochlorin. Org. Geochem. 16, 1059-1065.
(Pudek, 1975)	Pudek, M. R. and W. R. Richards (1975) A possible alternate pathway of bacteriochlorophyll biosynthesis in a mutant of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. Biochemistry 14, 3132-3137.
(Rätsep, 2011)	Rätsep, M., Z.-L. Cai, J. R. Reimers and A. Freiberg (2011) Demonstration and interpretation of significant asymmetry in the low-resolution and high-resolution Qy fluorescence and absorption spectra of bacteriochlorophyll a. J. Chem. Phys. 134, 024506.
(Rau, 2001)	Rau, H. K., H. Snigula, A. Struck, B. Robert, H. Scheer and W. Haehnel (2001) Design, synthesis and properties of synthetic chlorophyll proteins. Eur. J. Biochem. 268, 3284-3295.
(Richards, 1969)	Richards, W. R. and J. Lascelles (1969) The biosynthesis of bacteriochlorophyll. The characterization of latter stage intermediates from mutants of Rhodopseudomonas spheroides. Biochemistry 8, 3473-3482.
(Sasaki, 2008)	Sasaki, S.-I., K. Mizutani, M. Kunieda, and H. Tamiaki (2008) Synthesis, modification, and optical properties of C3-ethynylated chlorophyll derivatives. Tetrahedron Lett. 49, 4113-4115.
(Sawicki, 2019)	Sawicki, A., R. D. Willows and M. Chen (2019) Spectral signatures of five hydroxymethyl chlorophyll a derivatives chemically derived from chlorophyll b or chlorophyll f. Photosynth. Res. 140, 115-127.
(Schedbalkar, 1992)	Schedbalkar, V. P. and C. A. Rebeiz (1992) Chloroplast biogenesis: determination of the molar extinction coefficients of divinyl chlorophyll a and b and their pheophytins. Anal. Biochem. 207, 261-266.
(Scheer, 1978)	Scheer, H. and J. J. Katz (1978) Peripheral metal complexes: Chlorophyll “isomers” with magnesium bound to the ring E b-keto ester system. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 100, 561-571.
(Scheumann, 1999a)	Scheumann, V., S. Schoch and W. Rüdiger (1999) Chlorophyll b reduction during senescence of barley seedlings. Planta 209, 364-370.
(Scheumann, 1999b)	Scheumann, V., H. Klement, M. Helfrich, U. Oster, S. Schoch and W. Rüdiger (1999) Protochlorophyllide b does not occur in barley etioplasts. FEBS Lett. 445, 445-448.
(Shkuropatov, 1999)	Shkuropatov, A. Ya., R. A. Khatypov, V. A. Shkuropatova, M. G. Zvereva, T. G. Owens and V. A. Shuvalov (1999) Reaction centers of photosystem II with a chemically-modified pigment composition: exchange of pheophytins with 131-deoxo-131-hydroxy-pheophytin a. FEBS Lett. 450, 163-167.
(Smith, 1955)	Smith, J. H. C. and A. Benitez (1955) Chlorophylls: analysis in plant materials. In Modern Methods of Plant Analysis, Vol. 4 (Edited by K. Paech and M. V. Tracey), pp. 142-196. Springer-Verlag: Berlin-Göttingen-Heidelberg.
(Smith, 1985)	Smith, K. M., D. A. Goff and D. J. Simpson (1985) Meso Substitution of chlorophyll derivatives: direct route for transformation of bacteriopheophorbides d into bacteriopheophorbides c. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 107, 4946-4954.
(Stanier, 1960)	Stanier, R. Y. and J. H. C. Smith (1960) The chlorophylls of green bacteria. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 41, 478-484.
(Steglich, 2003)	Steglich, C., C. W. Mullineaux, K. Teuchner, W. R. Hess and H. Lokstein (2003) Photophysical properties of Prochlorococcus marinus SS120 divinyl chlorophylls and phycoerythrin in vitro and in vivo. FEBS Lett. 553, 79-84.
(Strain, 1963)	Strain, H. H., M. R. Thomas and J. J. Katz (1963) Spectral absorption properties of ordinary and fully deuteriated chlorophylls α and b. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 75, 306-311.
(Struck, 1990)	Struck, A., E. Cmiel, I. Katheder and H. Scheer (1990) Modified reaction centers from Rhodobacter sphaeroides R26. 2: bacteriochlorophylls with modified C-3 substituents at sites BA and BB. FEBS Lett. 268, 180-184.
(Talbot, 1999)	Talbot, H. M., R. N. Head, R. P. Harris and J. R. Maxwell (1999) Distribution and stability of steryl chlorin esters in copepod faecal pellets from diatom grazing. Org. Geochem. 30, 1163-1174.
(Tamiaki, 2003)	Tamiaki, H., M. Omoda, Y. Saga and H. Morishita (2003) Synthesis of homologously pure bacteriochlorophyll-e and f analogues from BChls-c/d via transformation of the 7-methyl to formyl group and self-aggregation of synthetic zinc methyl bacteriopheophorbides-c/d/e/f in non-polar organic solvent. Tetrahedron 59, 4337-4350.
(Tamiaki, 2011a)	Tamiaki, H., D. Takekoshi and T. Mizoguchi (2011) Reduction of vinyl groups in naturally occurring chlorophylls-a. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 19, 52-57.
(Tamiaki, 2011b)	Tamiaki, H., J. Komada, M. Kunieda, K. Fukai, T. Yoshitomi, J. Harada and T. Mizoguchi (2011) In vitro synthesis and characterization of bacteriochlorophyll-f and its absence in bacteriochlorophyll-e producing organisms. Photosynth. Res. 107, 133-138.
(Tamiaki, 2016)	Tamiaki, H., K. Tsuji, K. Kim and T. Miyatake (2016) Preparation of mono-vinylated and formylated chlorophyll derivatives and their optical properties. Tetrahedron 72, 4368-4376.
(Taniguchi, 2018)	Taniguchi, M. and J. S. Lindsey (2018) Database of absorption and fluorescence spectra of >300 common compounds for use in PhotochemCAD. Photochem. Photobiol. 94, 290-327.
(Tomo, 2006)	Tomo, T., T. Suzuki, E. Hirano, T. Tsuchiya, H. Miyashita, N. Dohmae and M. Mimuro (2006) Reversible absorption change of chlorophyll d in solutions. Chem. Phys. Lett. 423, 282-287.
(Tsuchiya, 2012)	Tsuchiya, T., T. Mizoguchi, S. Akimoto, T. Tomo, H. Tamiaki and M. Mimuro (2012) Metabolic engineering of the Chl d-dominated cyanobacterium Acaryochloris marina: production of a novel Chl species by the introduction of the chlorophyllide a oxygenase gene. Plant Cell Physiol. 53, 518-527.
(Uliana, 2014)	Uliana, M. P., L. Pires, S. Pratavieira, T. J. Brocksom, K. T. de Oliveira, V. S. Bagnato and C. Kurachi (2014) Photobiological characteristics of chlorophyll a derivatives as microbial PDT agents. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 13, 1137-1145.
(Wakao, 1996)	Wakao, N., N. Yokoi, N. Isoyama, A. Hiraishi, K. Shimada, M. Kobayashi, H. Kise, M. Iwaki, S. Itoh, S. Takaichi and Y. Sakurai (1996) Discovery of natural photosynthesis using Zn-containing bacteriochlorophyll in an aerobic bacterium Acdiphilium rubrum. Plant Cell Physiol. 37, 889-893.
(Walter, 1979)	Walter, E., J. Schreiber, E. Zass and A. Eschenmoser (1979) Bakteriochlorophyll aGg und Bakteriophäophytin ap in den photosynthetischen Reaktionszentren von Rhodospirillum rubrum G-9+. Helv. Chim. Acta 62, 899-920.
(Wang, 2007)	Wang, X.-F., C.-H. Zhan, T. Maoka, Y. Wada and Y. Koyama (2007) Fabrication of dye-sensitized solar cells using chlorophylls c1 and c2 and their oxidized forms c´1 and c´2 from Undaria pinnatifida (Wakame). Chem. Phys. Lett. 447, 79-85.
(Wang, 2011)	Wang, J.-J., P. Wang, J.-Z. Li, J. Jakus and Y.-K. Shim (2011) Synthesis of novel C12-nonmethylated chlorophyll derivatives from methyl pyropheophorbide-a by allomerization and functionalization. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 32, 3473-3476.
(Wasielewski, 1981)	Wasielewski, M. R., J. R. Norris, L. L. Shipman, C.-P. Lin and W. A. Svec (1981) Monomeric chlorophyll a enol: Evidence for its possible role as the primary electron donor in photosystem I of plant photosynthesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78, 2957-2961.
(Watanabe, 1984)	Watanabe, T., A. Hongu, K. Honda, M. Nakazato, M. Konno and S. Saitoh (1984) Preparation of chlorophylls and pheophytins by isocratic liquid chromatography. Anal. Chem. 56, 251-256.
(Watanabe, 1985)	Watanabe, T., K. Machida, H. Suzuki, M. Kobayashi and K. Honda (1985) Photoelectrochemistry of metallochlorophylls. Coord. Chem. Rev. 64, 207-224.
(Weber, 1957)	Weber, G. and F. W. J. Teale (1957) Determination of the absolute quantum yield of fluorescent solutions. Trans. Faraday Soc. 53, 646-655.
(Weiss, 1972)	Weiss, C. Jr. (1972) The pi electron structure and absorption spectra of chlorophylls in solution. J. Mol. Spectrosc. 44, 37-80.
(Xu, 2014)	Xu, M., Y. Kinoshita and H. Tamiaki (2014) Synthesis of chlorophyll-f analogs possessing the 2-formyl group by modifying chlorophyll-a. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 24, 3997-4000.
(Zabelin, 2014)	Zabelin, A. A., V. A. Shkuropatova, Z. K. Makhneva, A. A. Moskalenko, V. A. Shuvalov and A. Ya. Shkuropatov (2014) Chemically modified reaction centers of photosystem II: Exchange of pheophytin a with 7-deformyl-7-hydroxymethyl-pheophytin b. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1837, 1870-1881.
(Zass, 1980)	Zass, E., H. P. Isenring, R. Etter and A. Eschenmoser (1980) Der Einbau von Magnesium in Liganden der Chlorophyll-Reihe mit (2,6-Di-t-butyl-4-methylphenoxy)magnesiumjodid. Helv. Chim. Acta 63, 1048-1067.
(Zenkevich, 1996)	Zenkevich, E., E. Sagun, V. Knyukshto, A. Shulga, A. Mironov, O. Efremova, R. Bonnett, S. P. Songca and M. Kassem (1996) Photophysical and photochemical properties of potential porphyrin and chlorin photosensitizers for PDT. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B: Biol. 33, 171-180.
(Zheng, 2002)	Zheng, G., H. Li, M. Zhang, S. Lund-Katz, B. Chance and J. D. Glickson (2002) Low-density lipoprotein reconstituted by pyropheophorbide cholesteryl oleate as target-specific photosensitizer. Bioconjugate Chem. 13, 392-396.